自考英语语言学 (week 2 ).pptVIP

英语语言学 2014.916 Chapter 2 Phonology Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds----sounds that convey meaning in human communication. The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介 Phonetics语音（学）；发音学；语音学 Phonology 音韵学，语音体系,音系学 Phonetics ----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop. Three branches of phonetics Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” 发音语音学 发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。 Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”听觉语音学 听觉语音学研究语音的物理性质，得出了重要结论，即语音同一只是理论上的理想。 Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. 声学语音学 声学语音学研究语音的物理性质，研究语音从说话者到听话者之间的传播方式。 Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。  Speech organs: three important areas The diagram of speech organs Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar) Hard palate 硬腭 Soft palate (velum) Uvula 小舌 Tip of tongue Blade of tongue Back of tongue Vocal cords声带 Pharyngeal cavity Nasal cavity Orthographic representation of speech sounds语音的书写形式－宽式和窄式音标 ---- A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound. Broad transcription ---- used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear [ l ], [ pit ] Narrow transcription ---- used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ] example： 对pit/spit中p音的比较： pit中的p是送气音，在窄式音标中标为上标，写作：[phi] spit中的p是不送气音，在宽式音标中不作标示，写作：[spit] 对leaf/feel/build/health中l音的比较： Leaf中l 在元音前，叫清晰音，在宽式音标中不作标示，写作：[li:f] Feel中l出现在单词结尾，叫模糊音，在窄式音标中加变音符号[~] Build中