操作系统课件chapter2-procthread.pptVIP

Modern Workstations and PCs Multiple windows in personal computer doing completely independent things Word, Excel, Photoshop, E-mail, music, etc. Multiple activities within one application E.g., in Microsoft Word Reading and interpreting keystrokes Formatting line and page breaks Displaying what you typed Spell checking Hyphenation …. Multiprogramming (1) Multiprogramming (2) Concurrency (1) Concurrency (2) Benefits of Concurrency What are the limitations without concurrency? Long response time Resources under utilized Better resource utilization Resources unused by one application can be used by the others Better average response time No need to wait for other applications to complete Issues related to concurrency It is easier to do one thing at a time. Problems with doing multiple things: Applications need to be protected from one another Additional coordination mechanisms among applications Overhead to switch among applications Potential performance degradation when running too many applications Users, Programs, Processes Users have accounts on the system Users launch programs Many users may launch same program One user may launch many instances of the same program The process is an OS abstraction for a running program Process: an executing program Processes are instances of a program The “program” can really be a set of processes The Process Model Multiprogramming of four programs Conceptual model of 4 independent, sequential processes Only one program active at any instant Real life analogy? A daycare teacher of 4 infants Program and Process (1) Analogy Program: steps for attending the lecture Step1: walk to A1 Step2: enter 104 Step3: find a seat Step4: listen and take notes (or sleep) Process: attending the lecture Action You are all in the middle of a process Program and Process (2) Program and Process (3) Differences between program and process Process Creation (1) Process Creation Events System Initialization Reboot foreground process background pro