分子生物学1--分子生物学的发展简介.ppt

生物学的昨天、今天和明天 生物学的定义： 一门关于生命的科学 生物学家需要在许多层次进行他们的研究 原子——分子——细胞——组织——器官——有机体——群落 生物学的昨天、今天和明天 人是一架机器吗？ 中世纪 机械论者与活力论者的持久争执 1628年威廉.哈维发现血液循环 1828年弗里德里希.味勒在实验室合成了尿素 生物学的昨天、今天和明天 现代生物学的开端： 显微镜——细胞 电子显微镜 X-ray晶体衍射——分子 分子生物学的涵义 分子生物学（Molecular Biology) 顾名思义：在分子水平上研究生命过程的科学。 分子生物学研究是在分子水平上研究基因和基因的活动，是对遗传学内容的新理解，更贴切的术语是分子遗传学。 研究的主要内容：Three Major Approaches Structural (architecture of the molecules) Biochemical (interactions between cell metabolism and heredity) Informational (transfer of information, translation of information) Mendel: The Father of Genetics Made brilliant insights into heredity. Began classical experiments into heredity involving pea plants beginning in 1854. Established Principle of Segregation as well as the concept of dominant and recessive traits.  Questions surround Mendel’s findings Mendel’s ideas seem obvious today. This was not the case in the past. No one had ever heard of a “gene” in Mendel’s time. Biologists previously failed to distinguish between heredity and development. 发现 DNA Friedrich Miescher (Swiss, 1844-1895) Intelligent from early age but very shy His father was a professor of anatomy Studied at the University of G?ttingen under Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe-Seyler, considered the father of biochemistry He examined used bandages obtained from a hospital caring for the wounded of the Crimean War in hope of finding something interesting He discovered a substance containing both phosphorus and nitrogen, made up of molecules that were apparently very large, in the nuclei of white blood cells found in pus Named the substance nuclein （核素）because it seemed to come from cell nuclei. In 1874 when Miescher separated it into a protein and an acid molecule. It is now known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) This substance was so unusual that Hoppe-Seyler repeated the work himself before allowing Miescher to publish the paper on the discovery He found an excellent (and more ple