ACCA《F4公司法与商法》精选讲义第一章..docVIP

ACCA《F4公司法与商法》精选讲义第一章(3) 本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处 　　Session 3 Types of cost and cost behavior? 　　Main contents: ? 　　1. Classifying costs ? 　　2. Cost objects, cost and cost centers ? 　　3. Analysis of costs into fixed and variable elements ? 　　3.1 Classifying costs ? 　　Costs can be classified in a number of different ways: ? 　　· Element – costs are classified as materials, labor or expenses （overheads） ? 　　· Nature – costs are classified as being direct or indirect. ? 　　a. Direct cost is expenditure that can be directly identified with a specific cost unit or cost center. ? 　　（1）。 Direct material is all material becoming part of the product unless used in negligible amount and/or having negligible cost. （component parts, part finished work and primary packing material） ? 　　（2）。 Direct wages – are wages paid for labor either as basic hours or as overtime expensed on the product line. ? 　　（3）。 Direct expense are any expense which are incurred on a specified product other than direct material and direct labor. ? 　　b. Indirect costs/ overheads; are expenditure that can not be directly identified with a specific unit or cost center and must be ‘shared out’ on an equitable basis. ? 　　· Behavior –costs are classified as being fixed, variable, semi-variable or stepped fixed. ? 　　a. Fixed costs: are costs that are not affected in total by the level of activity, but remain the same. ? 　　b. Variable costs: are the costs that change in total in direct proportion to the level of activity. ? 　　c. Semi-variable/semi-fixed/mixed costs: are costs which contain both fixed and variable components and so it partly affected by changes in the level of activity. ? 　　d. Step costs: are fixed in nature but only within certain level of activity. ? 　　· Function: costs are classified as being production or non-production costs. ? 　　e. Production costs: are costs included in a stock valuation. The product cost is the cost of making or buying. ? 　　f. Period costs （general cost）： are costs that are no