MankiwEconomicsChap19中山大学吴柏林教授“曼昆·经济学原理”绝密资料.ppt

Summary Workers earn different wages for many reasons. To some extent, wage differentials compensate workers for job attributes. Workers with more human capital get paid more than workers with less human capital. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Summary The return to accumulating human capital is high and has increased over the past decade. There is much variation in earnings that cannot be explained by things economists can measure. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Summary The unexplained variation in earnings is largely attributable to natural ability, effort, and chance. Some economists argue that more-educated workers earn higher wages because workers with high natural ability use education as a way to signal their high ability to employers. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Summary Wages are sometimes pushed above the equilibrium level because of minimum-wage laws, unions, and efficiency wages. Some differences in earnings are attributable to discrimination on the basis of race, sex, or other factors. When measuring the amount of discrimination, one must correct for differences in human capital and job characteristics. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Summary Competitive markets tend to limit the impact of discrimination on wages. Discrimination can persist in competitive markets if customers are willing to pay more to discriminatory firms, or if the government passes laws requiring firms to discriminate. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. * * 2 * 3 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 6 * * * 7 * 8 * 9 * * * * * 11 * 11 * 11 * 11 * 11 * 14 * 14 * 13 * 15 Earnings and Di