lecture-2.ppt

* * Biochemistry Lecture 2 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates 碳水化合物、糖类 Carbohydrates are one of the four major classes of important biomolecules in nature, along with proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Carbohydrates in food are important sources of energy, e.g. starch（淀粉）, provide energy for all kinds of activities. Animals, 2%; bacteria, 10-30%; plants, 85-90%. Carbohydrates make up most of the organic matter on Earth because of their extensive roles in all forms of life: Energy storage, fuels and metabolic intermediates. Structural framework of RNA and DNA (ribose and deoxyribose sugars). Structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants. Interactions among cells and interactions between cells and other elements in the cellular environment. The importance of carbohydrates Carbohydrates have tremendous structural diversity: Are built from monosaccharides. Composed of C, H, O, formula (CH2O)n, H:O=2:1, hence the name carbohydrate. However, some carbohydrates do not have such a ratio for H and O. Chemical composition of monosaccharides: Are aldehydes (醛，aldose) or ketones (酮，ketose) with multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups. Small molecules that typically contain from 3-7 carbon atoms （trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses and heptoses）and vary in size and in the stereochemical configuration (立体化学构型) at one or more carbon centers. Glucose (葡萄糖） Monosaccharides that contain asymmetric carbon have two stereoisomers (空间异构体）, the D- and L-form, they are enantiomers （对映体）, or mirror image of each other. （甘油醛) (二羟基丙酮) Basic structure of monosaccharide The predominant forms of ribose, glucose, fructose (the most abundant ketohexose) and many other sugars in solution are not open chains. Rather the open chain forms of these sugars cyclize into rings. If reaction is between the C-4 hydroxyl and the aldehyde, a furanose is formed. The pyranose ring is formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on carbon 5 (C-5) of a sugar with the aldehyde at carbon 1. (吡喃糖 六环糖 ) (呋喃糖 )