九年级英语 Introduction to Computing 课件.ppt

Computers and Computing COS 111 Computers and Computing When did you first start to use a computer, and what for? What do you use a computer for today? What are some of most important uses of computers, other than your own? What abilities do you need in a computer? What are the major changes you’ve observed in the use of computers? What are the major changes you’ve observed in computers themselves? What are the major changes you expect to see over the next few years? What are the major changes you would most like to see over the next few years? When Was the Computer Invented? When Was the Transistor Invented? When was the Microprocessor Invented? When Was the Internet Invented? When Was the World Wide Web Invented? What is the Difference between the Internet and the WWW? A Brief History of Computer Time Harvard MK-I and Colossus: 1943 Colossus designed to crack German coding system Vacuum valves as “transistors” and punched cards for storage ENIAC: completed 1946 (first generation) Weighed 30 tonnes; contained 18,000 electronic valves; consumed 25KW of power; could do 100,000 calcs/sec Transistor: 1947 (second generation) Integrated circuit (third generation: minicomputers) 1958; first commercial implementation 1963 Microprocessor (CPU on a chip) First commercial in 1971 (Intel 4004) 60,000 instructions/sec (supercomputers like Cray 1 were 150M) Personal Computer: MITS Altair 8800 in 1974 Followed by Apple 1 and II, Commodore, and IBM PC (1981) A Brief History of Internet Time ARPANET: DARPA research project started 1969 First RFC: April 7th, 1969 Opened to non-military use in 1970s Big universities Opened to international connections 1972 Still no email, web etc; just networking and research Domain names etc in mid 80s; standardized email World Wide Web 1989 For physicists to share information; usage begins 1991 Web takes off: Mosaic (1993); Netscape (1994) Who Invented the Internet? Al Gore What is the Role of Computers in Cosmology and Astrophysics? What is