Cheating the IO Bottleneck Network Storage with作弊的输入输出瓶颈网络存储.ppt

I/O Caching and Page Replacement Memory/Storage Hierarchy 101 I/O Caching 101 Rationale for I/O Cache Structure Goal: maintain K slots in memory as a cache over a collection of m items on secondary storage (K m). 1. What happens on the first access to each item? Fetch it into some slot of the cache, use it, and leave it there to speed up access if it is needed again later. 2. How to determine if an item is resident in the cache? Maintain a directory of items in the cache: a hash table. Hash on a unique identifier (tag) for the item (fully associative). 3. How to find a slot for an item fetched into the cache? Choose an unused slot, or select an item to replace according to some policy, and evict it from the cache, freeing its slot. Mechanism for Cache Eviction/Replacement Typical approach: maintain an ordered free/inactive list of slots that are candidates for reuse. Busy items in active use are not on the list. E.g., some in-memory data structure holds a pointer to the item. E.g., an I/O operation is in progress on the item. The best candidates are slots that do not contain valid items. Initially all slots are free, and they may become free again as items are destroyed (e.g., as files are removed). Other slots are listed in order of value of the items they contain. These slots contain items that are valid but inactive: they are held in memory only in the hope that they will be accessed again later. Replacement Policy The effectiveness of a cache is determined largely by the policy for ordering slots/items on the free/inactive list. defines the replacement policy A typical cache replacement policy is Least Recently Used. Assume hot items used recently are likely to be used again. Move the item to the tail of the free list on every release. The item at the front of the list is the coldest inactive item. Other alternatives: FIFO: replace the oldest item. MRU/LIFO: replace the most recently used item. Example: File Block Buffer Cache Why Are File Caches Effective?