Compared to What How Different Types of Comparison Effect与不同类型的比较效果的比较.pptVIP

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Compared to What How Different Types of Comparison Effect与不同类型的比较效果的比较.ppt

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Compared to What?How Different Types of Comparison Affect Transfer in Mathematics Bethany Rittle-Johnson Jon Star What is Transfer? Transfer “Ability to extend what has been learned in one context to new contexts” (Bransford, Brown Cocking, 2000) In mathematics, transfer facilitated by flexible procedural knowledge and conceptual knowledge Two types of knowledge needed in mathematics Procedural knowledge: actions for solving problems Knowledge of multiple procedures and when to apply them (Flexibility) Extend procedures to a variety of problem types (Procedural transfer) Conceptual knowledge: principles and concepts of a domain How to Support Transfer:Comparison Cognitive Science: A fundamental learning mechanism Mathematics Education: A key component of expert teaching Comparison in Cognitive Science Identifying similarities and differences in multiple examples is a critical pathway to flexible, transferable knowledge Analogy stories in adults (Gick Holyoak, 1983; Catrambone Holyoak, 1989) Perceptual Learning in adults (Gibson Gibson, 1955) Negotiation Principles in adults (Gentner, Loewenstein Thompson, 2003) Cognitive Principles in adults (Schwartz Bransford, 1998) Category Learning and Language in preschoolers (Namy Gentner, 2002) Spatial Mapping in preschoolers (Loewenstein Gentner, 2001) Spatial Categories in infants (Oakes Ribar, 2005) Comparison in Mathematics Education “You can learn more from solving one problem in many different ways than you can from solving many different problems, each in only one way” (Silver, Ghousseini, Gosen, Charalambous, Strawhun, p. 288) Comparison Solution Methods Expert teachers do it (e.g. Lampert, 1990) Reform curriculum advocate for it (e.g. NCTM, 2000; Fraivillig, Murphy Fuson, 1999) Teachers in higher performing countries help students do it (Richland, Zur Holyoak, 2007) Does comparison support transfer in mathematics? Experimental studies of learning and transfer in academic domains and settings l