经济管理英语英译汉.docVIP

1.? cardinal?rankings: ?one?of?the?two?ways?to?measure?utility.?In?this?way,?numerical?values?are?assigned?to?represent?utility.? ?基数排列：衡量效用的两种方法之一，用这种方法，数值就被用来代表效用 ? 2.ordinal?rankings: ?one?of?the?two?ways?to?measure?utility.?In?this?way,?utility?is?measured?without?a?specified?unit.?Ordinal?rankings?provide? the?order?of?preference?without?absolute?scale?of?difference?in?preference.? 序数排列：一个效用的测量两种方式。在这种方式中，它是没有指定的单元测试。 ? 3. ? perfect?substitution:? refers?to?the?products?in?very?much?similar?qualities?that?a?consumer?would?just?as?soon?have?one?as?the?other.? 完全替代品：是指产品在非常相似，消费者宁愿有一个为其他的品质 ? 4.? order?promising（订单承诺） :?to?grant?a?customer?to?ship?or?deliver?an?order.? 5. ? market-oriented?system? :?a?system?in?which?price?,?output,?and?volume?decisions?are?made?through?the?interaction?of?supply?and?demand? market?forces?rather?than?by?a?central?government?authority.? 市场经济体系：在价格，输出系统，和体积的决定是通过市场供求的力量，而不是由一个中央政府机构的相互作用 ? 6. ? trade?credit? :?credit?between?resellers.?usually?a?seller?trusts?a?buyer?and?allows?the?buyer?to?pay?later?but?within?certain?period.? ? ? ? ? 贸易信贷 : 信贷之间通常 ,. 卖方信任一个买家 , 并允许买方付款后但在一定时期内。 ? 7. ? Four?main?forms?of?market?structure?and?organization?stand?out:? ? （ 1 ） perfect?competition?many?sellers?of?a?standardized?product. （完全竞争） ? ? （ 2 ） monopolistic?competition?many?sellers?of?a?differentiated?product.( 垄断竞争） ? ? （ 3 ） oligopoly?competitionfew?sellers?of?either?a?standardized?or?a?differentiated?product.( 寡头竞争） ? ? ? (4)?monopolya?single?sellers?of?a?product?for?which?there?is?no?close?substitute. （完全垄断） ? ? 完全竞争—很多商家卖标准化的产品 ? ； ? 垄断竞争—很多商家卖差异化的产品 ?? 寡头竞争 ? 少来那个商家生产出售相同或者差异商品 ? ；完全垄断—个商家卖某种产品，产品无相近替代） ? 8. ? policy?makers?have?at?their?command?two?broad?classes?of?policies?with?which?to?affect?the?economy.?Monetary?policy?is?controlled?by?the? Federal?Reserve?System(the?Fed).?The?instruments?of?monetary?policy?are?changes?in?the?stock?of?money,?changes?in?the?interest?rate — the? discount?rate — at?which?the?Fed?lends?money?to?banks,?a