5.4 Regulation of transcription in eukaryotes课件.pptVIP

5. Transcription Including 5.1 Transcription in prokaryotes 5.2 Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes 5.3 Transcription in eukaryotes 5.4 Regulation of transcription in eukaryotes 5.5 rRNA process and RNPs 5.4 Regulation of transcription in eukaryotes 5.4.1 Eukaryotes transcription factors 5.4.2 Example of transcriptional regulation 转录活化结构域 真核生物细胞中，反式作用因子的功能由于受蛋白质－蛋白质之间相互作用的调节变得精密、复杂，完整的转录调控功能常以复合物的方式来完成，这就意味着并非每个转录因子都直接与DNA结合。因此，是否具有转录活化域就成为反式作用因子中惟一的结构基础。 不同的转录活化域大体上有下列几个特征性结构： 带负电荷的螺旋结构 富含谷氨酰胺的结构 富含脯氨酸的结构。 5.4.2 Example of transcriptional regulation Hormonal regulation: steroid hormone receptors Regulation by phosphorylation: STAT proteins Transcription elongation: HIV Tat Heat Shock Protein regulation Hormonal regulation: steroid hormone receptors Steroid hormones（甾类激素）are lipid soluble and can diffuse through cell membranes to interact with transcription factors called steroid hormone receptors. Regulation: (p234 fig.1) In the absence of steroid hormone, the receptor is bond to an inhibitor, and located in the cytoplasm. The steriod hormone binds to the receptor and releases the receptor from the inhibitor, allowing the receptor to dimerize and translocate to the nucleus. The DNA-binding domain of the steroid hormone receptor then interacts with its specific DNA-binding sequence, or response element, and this gives rise to activation of the target gene. Regulation by phosphorylation: STAT proteins Signal transduction often involves protein phosphorylation. Regulation: (p236 fig.2) Interferon-γinduces phosphorylation of STATα(a transcription factor) through activation of the intracelluar kinase JAK (Janus activated kinase). When STATα is unphosphorylation, it exists as a monomer in the cytoplasm and has no transcriptional activity. When STATα becomes phosphorylated, it is able to form a homodimer which moves into the nucleus. In the nucleus, STATαis able to activation of target genes whose promoter regions contain DNA-binding motif. Transcript