土壤侵蚀复习打印..docxVIP

土壤侵蚀原理复习题纲一、名词解释1、土壤侵蚀（concept of soil erosion）：土壤或其他地面组成物质在水力、风力、冻融、重力等外营力作用下，被破坏、剥蚀、搬运和沉积的过程。（The detachment, entrainment, transportation and deposition process of soil and other earth materials by wind, water, freeze-thaw, and gravitation. ）2、水土流失(water and soil loss)：在水力、重力、风力等外营力作用下，水土资源和土地生产力的破坏和损失，包括土地表层侵蚀及水的损失，亦称水土损失。(The destruction of soil and water resources and the loss of land production by wind, water, freeze-thaw, and gravitation)3、水土保持(Soil and Water Conservation)：防治水土流失，保护、改良与合理利用水土资源，维护和提高土地生产力，以利于充分发挥水土资源的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益，建立良好生态环境的事业。（Proper land use, protecting the land against all forms of soil deterioration, rebuilding eroded and depleted soils, conserving moisture for crop use, proper agricultural drainage and irrigation where needed, and increasing yield and farm income, all at the same time.）内营力（Inherent forces）：内营力作用是由地球内部能量所引起的，地壳运动、岩浆活动、地震等。Inherent forces are caused by the inherent energy of the earth. The main forms are the movement of earth crust, movement of rock-magma and earthquake.外营力作用/Effects of external forces）：外营力作用的主要能源来自太阳能。包括风化作用、剥蚀作用、搬运作用和堆积作用等形式。（The source of external forces are from solar energy, including weathering, detaching, transporting and depositing.）5、风化（weathering）作用：是指矿物、岩石在地表新的物理、化学条件下所产生的一切物理状态和化学成分的变化，是在大气及生物影响下岩石在原地发生的破坏作用。Weathering means the physical and chemical change of minerals and rock under new physical and chemical condition. It is a change in original place affected by atmosphere and bioss.各种外营力作用（包括风化、流水、冰川、风、波浪等）对地表进行破坏，并把破坏后的物质搬离原地，这一过程或作用称为剥蚀(detachment)作用。Detachment means the process of destroying and matter movement by external forces.风化、剥蚀后的碎霄物质，随着各种不同的外营力作用转移到其它地方的过程称为搬运(transportation)作用。Transportation means the long-distance movement of fragment by different external forces.被搬运的物质由于介质搬运能力的减弱或搬运介质的物理、化学条件改变，或在生物活动参与下发生堆积或沉积，称为堆积作用或沉积(deposition)作用。Deposition occurs on a slope where the amount of sediment available for transport becomes greater than transport capacity.6、水力侵蚀 (water erosion)：