LINGUISTICS.doc

LINGUISTICS Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Linguistics may be defined as the scientific study of language (p.1). 1.1.1 The aim of linguistics This study aims at exploring the common properties that characterize all human languages and therefore linguists are interested in all human languages (living and dead, spoken and written). 1.1.2 Linguistics as a science (1) The process a. Make observations of linguistic facts and collect sufficient data and describe them; b. Make generalizations 一般化明确地表达假定 (2) F. de Saussure (the founder of modern linguistics) and his contributions: Language as a system of symbols; The arbitrariness恣意as the nature of linguistic symbols; The distinction between langue语言and parole语言(p.16); The distinction between synchronic完全同步的and diachronic历经时间长河的study of language (p.15); The distinction between syntagmatic组合关系的and paradigmatic词形变化的properties of linguistic structure (p.17). Signified受指信号物 Competence能力and performance (p.16); Innateness天赋hypothesis; Deep structure and surface structure. 1.3 The differences between linguistics and traditional grammar (p.2) Descriptive描写的and prescriptive规范的(p.15); Spoken form vs. written form; Attitude towards the function of Latin Grammar; Attitude towards language change; Scope范围of interest. 1.4 The scope of linguistics (p.4) Phonetics （语音学） Phonology （音系学） Morphology （形态学） Syntax （句法学） Semantics （语义学） Pragmatics （语用学） 1.5 Macrolinguistics宏观语言学(p.5) Psycholinguistics （心理语言学） Sociolinguistics （社会语言学） Cognitive linguistics （认知语言学） Computational linguistics （计算语言学） Stylistics （文体语言学） Discourse analysis （语篇分析） Neurolinguistics （神经语言学） Applied linguistics （应用语言学） The scope or major branches of linguistics Theoretical linguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Use of linguistics Applied linguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics …… 1.6 The nature of language (p.8) 1.6.1 What does “language” mean? Specific utterances表达or expressions one