泄洪道闸门英文.docVIP

Spillway Gates Spillway gate installations are a critical part of a reservoir and dam system. Their reliability is important for the safety of dams. Jack Lewin and Jonathan Hinks explain why spillway gate design, maintenance and operation require close attention. In a number of exceptional cases, particularly in the former Soviet Union, bottom outlets are made large enough to discharge flood flows. However, in the vast majority of cases, a spillway is required to deal with flood inflows to a reservoir. Where an uncontrolled weir would be excessively long, or the requirement for freeboard too great, a gated spillway may be the most economic solution. Particularly in the developing word, there is a preference for uncontrolled weirs because the risk of electrical or mechanical malfunction, or human error in operation id eliminated. For large dams the spillway will usually designed to pass a flood no smaller than that with a return period of 10,000 years. For the bigger dams and for all major dams in the US, UK, Australia and other countries, design will be for the probable maximum flood(PMF). There is mo fixed relationship between the PMF and the flood with a return period of 10,000 years but the PMF peak outflow will often be about twice that in the 10,000year flood. The UK guide Floods and Reservoir Safety, published by the Institution of Civil Engineers, suggests that gated spillways should have a minimum of two gates. Many engineers require at least three gates. These should be sized so that any two can pass 70% of the spillway design flood in the event of one gate being serviced behind stop logs or non-operational for other reasons. The assessment of the need for redundancy will usually take into account whether standby facilities for gate operation are provided and whether repairs to potentially vulnerable elements can be carried out between receipt of flood warning, or onset of the flood and the advanced stage when all gates are required to discharge the f