第三单元 语言学笔记.docVIP

3.1 What is word? Word is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.词是个表达单位，不管是在口语还是在书面语中，说母语的人对词有种普遍的直觉识别能力。 3.1.1 Three senses of “word”“词”的三种含义 a physical definable unit: 是自然的有界限单位 the common factor underlying a set of forms 是支配一组形式的共同因素。 Word is the common factor underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, a lexical item, or a lexeme. 词是在一组形式之下的共同要素，是词汇的单位，是一个词条，或是一个词位。Lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation. lexeme(词位):A separate unit of meaning, usually in the form of a word(e.g. “dog in the manger”) Lexeme-----is postulated as the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts.词位被假定为语言词汇系统中潜在于最小单位之下的抽象单位，而最小单位是在不同的语法环境中出现的。 e. g. boy boys; check, checks, checking, checked; write, writes, wrote, writing, written; fat, fatter, fattest boy, check, write, and fat are the lexemes. a grammatical unit 是一个语法单位。 e.g. It is kind of you ,Miss Hoe. Every word plays a grammatical part in the sentence. 3.1.2 Identification of words词的识别 1. stability 稳定性 Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure, that is, the constituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement, compared with the relative positional mobility of the constituents of sentences in the hierarchy. But it is all right for us to rearrange the constituents in a sentence to a certain degree. 所有语言单位中词是最稳定的，就其内部结构来说，跟句子层面成分相对的位置灵活性相比，复合词的组成成分一般不能重新调整次序。但是句子成分却可以做一定程度的重新排列。 e.g. The chairman looked at the audience. 主席看观众 ??? The audience looked at the chairman. 观众看主席。 2. Relative uninterruptibility 相对的连续性 By uninterruptibility, we mean new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. Nor is allowed to use pau