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[C毕业设计英文翻译
Fixing Memory Problems
This chapter is about finding bugs in C/C++ programs with the help of a memory
debugger. A memory debugger is a runtime tool designed to trace and detect bugs
in C/C++ memory management and access. It does not replace a general debugger.
In the following sections, we will describe the memory access bugs that typically
occur in C/C++ programs, introduce memory debuggers, and show with two examples
how these tools find bugs. We will then show how to run memory and source
code debuggers together, how to deal with unwanted error messages by writing a
suppression file, and what restrictions need to be considered.
4.1 Memory Management in C/C++ – Powerful but Dangerous
The C/C++ language is able to manage memory resources, and can access memory
directly through pointers. Efficient memory handling and “programming close to the
hardware” are reasons why C/C++ replaced assembly language in the implementation
of large software projects such as operating systems, where performance and
low overhead play a major role. The allocation of dynamic memory (also known as
heap memory) in C/C++ is under the control of the programmer. New memory is
allocated with functions such as malloc() and various forms of the operator new.
Unused memory is returned with free() or delete.
The memory handling in C/C++ gives a large degree of freedom, control, and
performance, but comes at a high price: the memory access is a frequent source of
bugs. The most frequent sources of memory access bugs are memory leaks, incorrect
use of memory management, buffer overruns, and reading uninitialized memory.
33
34 4 Fixing Memory Problems
4.1.1 Memory Leaks
Memory leaks are data structures that are allocated at runtime, but not deallocated
once they are no longer needed in the program. If the leaks are frequent or large,
eventually all available main memory in your computer will be consumed. The program
will first slow down, as the computer starts swapping pages to virtual memory,
and th
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