三、StaticGamewithIncompleteInformation─BayesianNash.docVIP

  • 4
  • 0
  • 约 5页
  • 2017-01-06 发布于天津
  • 举报

三、StaticGamewithIncompleteInformation─BayesianNash.doc

三、StaticGamewithIncompleteInformation─BayesianNash

三、Static Game with Incomplete Information─Bayesian Nash Equilibrium(BNE, Harsanyi(1967-68)) Example: player 1, 2,player2只知道自己的所有資訊,但是player1除了知道自己的資訊之外,還知道player2所擁有的。對於player2 所不知道的player1的部份,假設存在幾種類型(types),以某種二人都知道的(common knowledge)機率在變化著。如下圖所示: 假設何種類型的出現完全出自於上帝之手(nature),但是上帝只告訴player1,所以此時player2得同時面對來自兩種不同類型的L或是S,而player2所能做的就是選擇一個期望報酬最大的策略。(例如,player 1在賽局進行時,心情可能不佳是甚佳。雖然player 2知悉對手心情好或不好時,他可能得到的報酬,但只能預測報酬的期望值。) 1.Static Bayesian Game : Player i‘s possible payoff functions are (type space),player i knows his or her own type, but uncertain about ,belief . Payoffs to i depend on actions and his own type. (1)interpreted as i)nature draws a type vector t according to a prior p(t). ii)nature reveals to player i but not to other players. iii). The players choose actions simultaneously and receive . (The player does not know the complete history of the game at the decision point. iii), i.e. his information set is not a singleton.→imperfect information)。A complete information set is not always imperfect, but an incomplete information set must be imperfect. 2.Bayesian Nash Equilibrium(BNE): In the static Bayesian game , the strategies are a(pure-strategy) Bayesian Nash Equilibrium if for each player i and for each of is types in , solves . That is, no player wants to change his or her strategy, even if such a change involved only one action in one type. (1)BNE其實只是在一個Bayesian game下找一個N.E.,也就是一個期望的最佳反應策略。表示player i當他自己是type ti時,對其他players的types的猜測,一種belief。如果其他對手的types獨立於player i的type,則,但是一般自己所處的狀態,會影響對別人的猜測,例如自己的技術水準如果較低,很容易低估別人的技術水準,所以依Bayes rule: 。 (2)Example: 一個雙占產業,價格函數,firm1只有一種固定的生產模式,固定的邊際成本,但firm2則具有二種可行的生產模式,邊際成本。所以這一個cournot competition,是屬incomplete( and asymmetric) information(因為firm 2 的type space: T2={5/4,3/4},但是firm 1的type space只有一種肯定的T1={1}),以extensive form的方式表示之: firm1與firm2是同時進行決定其產量,但是firm1是求期望的最大報酬: ,而firm2則可以肯定地決定在firm1的最大的期望報酬下,採取高成本生產模式,或低成本生產模式,而各生產多少產量:及。得。firm2面對上帝賜予的二種類型(二個information set,一個是high cost,一個是low cost),所以他的策略有二種(也就是說他可以聲明:

文档评论(0)

1亿VIP精品文档

相关文档