[商务英语阅读3.pptVIP

labor-intensive 指进行生产主要依靠大量使用劳动力，而对技术和设备的依赖程度低的产业。其衡量的标准是在生产成本中工资与设备折旧和研究开发支出相比所占比重较大。一般来说，目前劳动密集型产业主要指农业、林业及纺织、服装、玩具、皮革、家具等制造业。随着技术进步和新工艺设备的应用，发达国家劳动密集型产业的技术、资本密集度也在提高，并逐步从劳动密集型产业中分化出去。例如，食品业在发达国家就被划入资本密集型产业。 Business English Reading Courseware Book 2 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Chapter Thirteen Abstracts from Articles on Joint Ventures 合 资 企 业 分 析 文 摘 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Step One First, read Material One under teacher’s instructions. Then teacher gives hints or tips for reading. Finally, teacher checks the answers and gives explanations. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. The term joint international business venture, joint venture for short, has come to mean many things to many people. It sometimes is taken to mean any joint relationship between one or more foreign firms and one or more local firms. Such a broad definition is excluded here. Joint venture will be taken to mean joint ownership of an operation in which at least one of the partners is foreign based. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Joint ventures can take many forms. A foreign firm may take a majority share, a minority share, or an equal share in ownership. While it is not necessary to have financial control or to have operating control, some firms refuse to use the joint venture form if it is not possible to have a majority position in ownership. There are firms that have few qualms about holding minority position, however, so long as they can have operating control. They achieve this through technical-aid, management, or supply contracts. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pt