传递性文化.pptVIP

Transmitted Culture Culture Difference in Self-Concept Self-concepts(the ways in which we define ourselves)are the core components of human personality. These Self-concepts serve as important influences on behavior. Resereach has shown that self-concepts difffer substantially from culture to culture. Markus Kitayama (1991,1994,1998) Two cultural tasks:interdependence independence Western culture Independence is elborated and support by various culture and practices. Conversations emphasize individual choices. The system of salaries puts a premium on individual merit. Non-Western culture The self is meaningful,according to this view,only with reference to the larger group of which the person is a part. The major cultural tasks in these cultures are to fit in and to promote harmony and group unity. Personal desires are to be constrained,rather than expressed in a selfish manner. A research by Markus Kitayama Triandis(1989,1995) coin two terms:individualismcollectivism Individualism People tend to act indenpently of their goals,giving priority to personl goals rather than to group goals. They act according to their own attitudes and desires,rather than succumbing to the norms and attitudes of their in-group. Collectivism People are interdependent with others in the group,giving priority to the goals of their in-groups. People tend to be especially concerned about social relationships. People focus more on context,features external to their own wishes and goals. People tend to be more self-effcing,less likely to boast about their own personal accomplishments Twenty Statements Test North Americans participantsChinese participants Asians in Seoul,Korea , Asians Americans in New York CityEurope Americans in New York City Japanese American college student More than 30 percent of a sample of Japane