[句子的连贯.docVIP

A. 句子的连贯 句子的完整性要求一句话必须，而且只能表达一个完整的意思，而一个完整的意思（思想）往往有几个不同的部分构成，各部分之间存在使它们能成为一个统一整体的语义和逻辑关系——修饰与被修饰关系、因果关系、对比关系、主次关系、转折关系等等。句子的连贯性（coherence）要求我们利用各种手段将各部分之间的关系明确地表达出来，使各个部分自然流畅的衔接在一起。这些手段包括： 1）??? 2）??? 3）??? 4）??? 例 1 Some adults think that explaining the reasons for their decisions to a child undermines their authority, considering that a child who questions and discusses their decisions is cheeky. 例 2 If you want to change a person permanently, make sure that his thinking changes, and not merely his behavior. If you change only his behavior, he won’t understand why he’s made the change. It’s only superficial, and usually shortlived. B. 写好句子的基本要素如何写好句子，以达到准确无误地传递思想的目的，对文章的作者来说死对头紧要。下面本文就探讨一下英语句子的基本要素。1． 简洁性（Conciseness）莎士比亚有句名言：“言以简洁为贵”（Brevity is the soul of wit.）所谓简洁，就是语言凝练概括，简明扼要。在不影响准确、清晰表达的前提下，能简化的尽量简化，能省略的尽量省略，使信息尽可能快捷有效地传递。1.1尽可能把从句变成短语，把短语变成单词。如（箭头后为改正过的句子。下同）when I pushed the door open, I saw a group of young people. Pushing the door open, I saw a group of young people.此句用现在分词短语代替时间状语从句，更简短紧凑，干净利落。During the past forty years, the population of China has been rising at a rapid rate.根据介词短语at a rapid rate在句中的语法功能，完全可由单个副词rapidly取代，使句子文字洗练。1.2避免不必要的重复，包括语义重复和同词重复。She is attractive in appearance, but she is a rather foolish person. She is attractive, but rather foolish.原句前半句属于语义重复。用了attractive,无须再用in appearance；后半句属于同词重复。The final result of the match is 2:1 for our team.Result已含有final之义。以上经过化简的句子，既保持了信息量大的优点，又避免了臃肿，达到以少胜多的效果。2． 多样性（Variety）一篇文章如果都是千篇一律的简单句，势必导致割裂句过剩和文体松散的结果。应该在准确表达思想的基础还照顾到句型多样化，以求既有丰富的内涵，又有优美的文字。英语句子的多样性主要是以下两个方面：2.1句式变化的多样性通过句子变换（transformation of sentence）,运用不同结构，选用不同句式来表达相同的内容，使表意手段更为多样化。1) 既可以用主动式也可以用被动式，如：We certainly should make great efforts.Great efforts are certainly required.2) 既可以用肯定式也可以用否定式，如：The lesson will be firmly rooted in our minds.We will never forget this lesson.3) 既可以是正常语序也可以是倒装语序，如：One can’t learn anything until he rids himself of complacency.Only when one rids himself of complacency c