[石油英语6.pptVIP

* * Instructor: Guo Qing Chapter Six Petroleum Production Production may be considered as that section of the oil industry concerned with conveying（传送） hydrocarbons（烃） from the reservoir（油藏） to surface, and the separation（分离） of oil, gas, water, and solids to the extent necessary to provide a saleable primary product（初级产品） such as crude oil, NGL(natural gas liquids), and gas. Producing oil is an intricate（复杂的） art. Oil can be pumped out of the sponge rock（海绵状岩体） at a certain maximum（最大的） rate, determined by the viscosity（粘稠度） of the oil and the quality（质量） of the reservoir. Oil production must be managed carefully to avoid clogging（堵塞） or collapsing（跨塌） the pores（孔隙）, which can prevent a well from accessing（获取） much of the reservoir. Pumping too fast, pumping too slowly or interrupting（间歇式的）production can all damage an oilfield. And not only one but many wells must be drilled to fully exploit（开发） the reservoir, raising the expense（费用） of production. Drilling curved（斜的） and horizontal（水平的） wells into reservoirs is a common technique to increase production. Another technique involves fracturing（压裂） the reservoir rock by pumping fluids and sand into it under high pressure. The fluids open cracks（裂隙）, and the sand keeps them open to let out the petroleum. This can overcome low permeability（渗透率）. Treating the wellbore（井筒） with various acids（酸） or solvents（溶剂） can also raise permeability. This technique is called acidizing（酸化） . One of the most commonly uses methods of fracturing is hydraulic fracturing（水力压裂）. Hydraulic fracturing may be defined as the process of creating a facture（裂缝） or fracture system（裂缝系统） in a porous medium（孔隙介质） by injecting a fluid under pressure through a well bore in order to overcome native stresses（天然压力）and to cause material failure（岩石破裂） of the porous medium（孔隙介质）. Briefly it is the creation（形成） and preservation（保持） of a fracture in a reservoir rock（储集岩）. To fracture a reservoir rock, energy must be generated by injecting a fluid down a