欧洲文化入门考前总欧洲文化入门考前总结.doc

欧洲文化入门考前总结 来源：考试吧（E）　2009年10月9日　【考试吧：中国教育培训第一门户】　模拟考场　视频课程- l 希腊罗马 Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet AeschylusTragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist Arostophoes Comedy writer Herodotus Greeks and Persians Father of the history Thucydides Athens and Sparta, Syracuse historian Pythagoras All things were numbers Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist , atomic Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid geometrist Others Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus philosophy Cicero Far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate Prose writer Caesar I came, I saw, I conquered Prose writer Lucretius On the nature of things poet Virgil ---Aeneas---tragic hero 4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克。 l 基督教和圣经 2 Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。 2 Jesus生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于393年宣布基督教为国教。 2 Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint l 中世纪 2 开始于476西罗马帝国得衰败 2 5-11世纪 2 在文化上继承了Roman culture，出现了Hebrew and Gothic culture 2 feudalism主要是一种system of land holding，for exchanging military service,它还是一种local and decentralized government 2 1045,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church 2 反击Moslems，开始了Crusades 2 Charles Martel给士兵们estates kn