ppt课件-推理空间统计-圣地亚哥州立大学（ inferential spatial statistics- san diego state university）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-推理空间统计-圣地亚哥州立大学（ inferential spatial statistics- san diego state university）.ppt

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* Spatial Analysis Digital Elevation Model (DEM) * DEM Derivatives * Slope Aspect Hillshade DEM Analysis: /watch?v=ukk2ciG2tDY Slope and aspect Slope and aspect are calculated at each point in the grid, by comparing the point’s elevation to that of its neighbors Slope is the incline or steepness of a surface (measured in degrees 0 – 90, or as a percentage of a rise divided by a run) Aspect is the compass direction that a topographic slope faces usually measured in degrees from north * Draping * Buffering Creates a new object consisting of areas within a user-defined distance of an existing object, for example: To determine areas impacted by a proposed highway To determine the service area of a proposed hospital Can be done for both a raster and a vector * Buffering * Point Polyline Polygon Point-in-polygon transformation Determine whether a point lies inside or outside a polygon generalization: assign many points to containing polygons used to assign crimes to police precincts, voters to voting districts, accidents to reporting counties * Point-In-Polygon * Map Algebra A language that allows to transform a raster map or combine two or more raster maps by applying mathematical operations and analytical functions Local: cell-by-cell operations Focal: operations performed on a user-defined neighborhood of the focus cell Zonal: process all cells within a user-defined regions (zones) Global: the cell values for the output grid can be dependent upon all the cells in the input grid * Map Algebra Example: Sum * Map Algebra Example: Sum * Spatial interpolation(Tobler’s First Law of Geogaphy) The process of using points with known values to estimate values at other points. These points with known values are called known points, control points, sample points, or observations. * Spatial interpolation Distance Decay * Importance of the Density of Sample Points Imagine this elevation cross section: If each dashed line represented a sample point, this spacing would miss the