华中农业大学有机合成翻译20个段落带答案..doc

有机合成双语20段翻译 作者：杜云飞 1-------页码6 The relationship between functional groups may provide the clue to a particular strategy (e.g. a β-hydroxy ketone may imply an aldol condensation). As you learn a synthetic reaction, note the relationslip that is involved between: (i) the activating group that generates the reactive species, (ii) the new bond that is formed and (iii} the structural fate of the recipient group which is attacked by the reactives. The presence of electron-donating or elactron-withdrawing groups may favour particular reactions at particular centres. For example, this is very important in aromatic substitution, As you learn a synthetic sequence, note the influence of the factors such as resonance that may favour regions of electron density or deficiency. 官能团之间的关系可能给一种特殊的策略提供线索（例如α，β-羟基酮结构可能表明一种羟醛缩合）。当你学到一种合成反应时，应该关注其中包含的这些关系：（i）决定反应类型的活性官能团，（ii）新键的形成和（iii）被反应物质攻击的官能团最终的结构。 在特殊的反应中心，给电子和吸电子官能团的参与，可能有利于特殊的反应。例如，这在芳香化合物的取代反应中非常重要。当你学习一种合成方法时，要关注一些因素的影响，例如共振，其可能有利于某些区域的电子云密度或高或低。 2--------9 When carbon is bonded to a more electropositive element such as a metal, the carbon becomes negatively polarized. In these organometallic compounds the carbon may behave as a nucleophile and then react with an electron-deficient rentre. Many organometallic compounds are prepared from alkyl halides(halogenoalkanes) by the insertion of the metal into a carbon-halogen bond. In the starting alkyl halide the carbon is more electropositive than the halogen and the carbon-halogen bond is polarized in the sense (符号碳缺电子-卤原子富电子). In the organometallic compound the reverse is the case and there is reversal in the reactive character of the carbon atom. There is reversal in reactive character character of the carbon atom. these compounds are therefore very useful in synthesis. Some organometallic bonds break in a homolytic sense, and the reactions are those of free radicals. 当碳原子与一种给电子能力更强的元素例如一种金属成键时，这个碳原子就会被极化而带负电（Cδ——Mδ+）。在这些有机金属化合物中，碳原子作为亲核试剂与一个缺电子中心反应。很多有机金属化合物是由烷基卤化物（卤代烃