12大地测量学概念..docVIP

Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts（大地测量学概念） As we know, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic surveying and plane surveying.（我们知道，测量分为两个主要范畴【category种类、范畴】：大地测量和平面测量） Geodetic surveying takes into account the true shape of the earth whereas plane surveying treats the earth as a flat surface.（大地测量要考虑【take into account考虑】地球的真实形状，而【whereas然而、可是】平面测量把地球视为【treat】一个平面） The subject of this text aims at the study of the size and shape of the earth which refers to Geodesy.（这篇文章的主题【subject】针对【aim at】的就是涉及【refer to】大地测量学的地球的大小和形状的研究） The expression “the size and shape of the earth” has various meanings in geodesy according to the way it is used and the precision with which the earth’s size and shape is to be defined.（依照【according to】定义地球大小和形状所使用的方法和精度，“地球的大小和形状”的表达在大地测量学中有各种各样的【various】含义） The actual topographic surface is most apparent with its variety of landforms and water areas.（实际的地表【topographic地形的、地形学的 surface表面 这里直接译为地表】大多表现为地形【landform】和水域的多样性【variety】）【is most apparent with 副词短语做表语】 This is, in fact, the surface on which actual earth measurements are made.（事实上【in fact】，事实上，这就是所做的地球实际表面测量。） It is not suitable, however, for exact mathematical computations because the formulas which would be required to take the irregularities into account would necessitate a prohibitive amount of computations.（然而，对于精确的【exact】数学计算这并不合适，因为需要考虑到【take into account】不规则【irregularity】的公式【formula】将需要【necessitate需要、被需要】大量的【prohibitive非常高的、受抑止的、禁止的】计算） The concept of geodesy should be mentioned first.（首先应该说一下【mention提及】大地测量学的概念） From the Concise Oxford Dictionary: geodesy. n. The branch of mathematics dealing with the figures and areas of the earth or large portions of it.（简明【Concise简明的】牛津词典：大地测量学n.名词. 数学的一个分支，用来处理地球或其一大部分【portion一部分】的形状和区域） Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 2001 edition, Academic Press, 2000: Geodesy is a science, the oldest earth (geo-) science, in fact.（科学与技术百科全书【Encyclopedia百科全书】，2001版，学术出版社【Academic Press】，2000：大地测量学是一门科学，事实上，是最古老的地球科学） It was born of fear a