影响欧洲天文仪器技术东渐效果的若干因素..docVIP

影响欧洲天文仪器技术东渐效果的若干因素 摘要 ?中国传统天文学的内容、方法和目标不会引发仪器的近代化。天文学的特殊地位使它的兴衰深受朝廷态度的影响。与文艺复兴以后的欧洲不同，科学和技术尚未纳入明清社会的主要知识建制。来华传教士致力于开拓宗教事业，缺乏跟踪欧洲仪器技术前沿的需要和意识，对欧洲的新进展了解不多。他们的敲门砖性的科技活动不足以将中国科技引向近代欧洲那种探索性的研究。传统科技适应了小农经济的延续。人们满足于自己的文化传统。只有很少的工匠们有机会了解传教士的技术。外来的仪器技术很难走出钦天监和皇宫。 关键词：天文仪器，技术，东渐，影响，因素 AbstractThe content, methods and aims of the traditional Chinese astronomy could not initiate modernization of instruments. Rulers’ attitude influenced the rise and decline of astronomy that occupied a special place in society. The Chinese emperors only requested the missionaries to compile precise calendars and to calculate eclipses. By the end of the 19th century, China had not brought science and technology into the main organizational system of knowledge ,e.g. imperial examination system.The missionaries worked at the Imperial Bureau of Astronomy for the purpose of missionary work and did not yearn for invention. After they left Europe, it was not easy for them to keep abreast of the new technology of the West. Their scientific work, which was a stepping-stone to success in substance, could not lead Chinese science up to the exploratoy research in modern Europe.The Chinese society lacked the motivation to continuously explore new knowledge and to reform instruments. Chinese people were mainly satisfied with their own cultural tradition. Only a few of technicians and craftsmen might get oppertunities to have a good understanding of the missionaries’ science and technology. The instrument-making technology from Europe was detained in the Imperial Bureau of Astronomy and the Imperial Palace.Key words astronomical instrument, technology, introdution, influence, factors 自16世纪末开始，欧洲传教士开始在中国开拓宗教事业。他们将欧洲科学和技术传入中国，导致某些中国科技领域的一定程度上的欧洲化。其中，天文学和天文仪器的变化在社会上引起了很大反响。分析这段历史，有助于理解中西文化的特质、异同与融合。 1600年前后，耶稣会士利玛窦（Matthieu Ricci, 1552-1610）将欧洲的天球仪、星盘和日晷等小型仪器介绍给中国人。1629年起，邓玉函（Jean Terrenz, 1576-1630）、汤若望（Johann Adam Schall von Bell, 1592-1666）、罗雅谷（Jacques Rho, 1590-1638）等传教士应徐光启的邀请供职皇家天文机构，在