chap(第四节弹性理论).ppt

* 模型： QSt=f1 (Pt-1) 含义是：本期的生产由上期的价格决定。 Pt=f2 (QSt) 含义是：本期的价格由本期的生产决定。 * （2）类型Type a、价格收敛 b、价格发散 c、价格封闭 ESP＜ EdP ESP＞EdP ESP＝EdP ?? P Q P P Q Q * 2.禁毒增加了还是减少了与毒品相关的犯罪？ Does Drug Interdiction Increase or Decrease Drug-Related Crime？ * 模型 关键是需求弹性小， 而供给弹性大。 因此，控制需求更 为重要。 禁毒是控制供给。 反毒品教育是控制 需求。 * 3.为什么石油输出国组织不能保持石油的高价格？ Why Did OPEC Fail to Keep the Price of Oil High？ * 模型 关键在于短期供需都是缺乏弹性的，而长期则都是富有弹性的。 短期 长期 P P Q Q * 4.农业的好消息能是农民的坏消息吗? 新杂交品种的培育 谷贱伤农 * 5.税收归宿 税收归宿:关于由谁来承担税收负担的研究。 结论：对买者征税还是对卖者征税结果是一样的。税收在买者和卖者之间打入了一个锲子。至于谁承担得更多是由供给曲线和需求曲线的斜率决定的。 * 供给富有弹性而需求缺乏弹性时，税收负担更多的由消费者承担。 供给缺乏弹性而需求富有弹性时，税收负担更多的由生产者承担。 * Figure 7 A Tax on Sellers Copyright?2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning 2.80 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 0 Price of Ice-Cream Cone Price without tax Price sellers receive Equilibrium with tax Equilibrium without tax Tax ($0.50) Price buyers pay S1 S2 Demand, D1 A tax on sellers shifts the supply curve upward by the amount of the tax ($0.50). 3.00 100 $3.30 90 * Figure 9 How the Burden of a Tax Is Divided Copyright?2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply Tax Price sellers receive Price buyers pay (a) Elastic Supply, Inelastic Demand 2. . . . the incidence of the tax falls more heavily on consumers . . . 1. When supply is more elastic than demand . . . Price without tax 3. . . . than on producers. * Figure 9 How the Burden of a Tax Is Divided Copyright?2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply Tax Price sellers receive Price buyers pay (b) Inelastic Supply, Elastic Demand 3. . . . than on consumers. 1. When demand is more elastic than supply . . . Price without tax 2. . . . the incidence of the tax falls more heavily on producers . . . So, how is the burden of the tax divided? The burden of a tax falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic. ELASTICITY AND TAX INCIDENCE 人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力， 明辨是非的能力。 所以我们要勤恳读