technology overview- a d t r a n（技术概述- d t r n）（30页）.docVIP

Appendix A: Technology Overview  Local Loop The Physical Connection Local Loop The physical connection (typically, twisted pair of copper wire) connecting the end user (subscriber) to the central office. Central Office Typically where the local loop is terminated for connection to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Customer Premises Typically the building owned by the end user who uses services provided from the central office to enter the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Access Device A physical device that terminates the local loop, such as a CSU/DSU for T1. Analog vs. Digital Analog Older technology Designed for voice Inefficient for data Noisy and error prone Lower speed High overhead Digital Newer technology Designed for data and voice More test options Discrete-level information Higher speeds Low overhead Analog data implies continuity, continuously varying level information signals, as contrasted to digital data that is concerned with discrete states, 1s and 0s. The information content of an analog signal is conveyed by continuously varying some characteristic such as amplitude, frequency or phase of a voltage or other characteristic of the signal. Computers, motors, lights and other electrical devices generate electrical noise (unwanted electrical signals), which produce undesirable variations on the information content of an analog signal, thus making it error prone. The information content of the digital signal is conveyed through discrete changes in the state of the signal such as the presence or absence of voltage (1 or 0) or discrete changes in voltage (+3, 0, -3) thereby making the information content of a digital signal less susceptible to electrical noise. Since a digital signal consists of 1s and 0s, it is easy to identify the signal sent (1 or 0) and re-create the signal and transmit it further. This is the primary reason digital communications improve the quality, reliability and speed of