大一计算机导论第十二章#.docVIP

Data (340) Facts or observations about people, places, things, and events. Types of data Numbers, letters, and symbols recorded by keyboards. Audio captured, interpreted, and saved using microphones and voice recognition systems Music captured from the Internet, from MIDI devices, and from other sources. Photographs captured by digital cameras, and edited by image editing software. Video captured by digital video cameras, TV tuner cards, and WebCams. Physical view focuses on the actual format and location of the data Logical view, focuses on the meaning and content of the data. Data Organization (340) Character- the most basic logical data element. Field - group of related characters. Record - a collection of related fields. File- a collection of related records. Database- an integrated collection of logically related records or objects. Key Field (341) Each record in a database has at least one distinctive field This field uniquely identifies the record. Key fields in different files can be used to integrate the data in a database. Batch vs. Real-time processing Batch Data is collected over several hours, days, or even weeks, then processed all at once Real-time Also known as online processing Occurs when data is processed at the same time the transaction occurs. Database (343) Many organizations have multiple files on the same subject or person. Data spread around in different files is not as useful. Need for databases Sharing- information from one department can be readily shared with others. Security - Users are given passwords or access only to the kind of information they need. Less data redundancy - having access to one file, there are fewer files. Thus, storage is reduced. Data integrity - a change made to a file by one department will be seen by other departments. Accuracy is improved. Database Management (344) Allows users to create, modify, and gain access to a database, special software is required. The DBMS engine provides a bridge between the logi