major concepts- lake superior state university（主要概念——苏必利尔湖州立大学）（23页）.docVIP

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major concepts- lake superior state university（主要概念——苏必利尔湖州立大学）（23页）.doc

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GE 121 Physical and Historical Geology I GE 122 Physical and Historical Geology II Expanded course objectives Earth’s Dynamic Systems 10th Edition Hamblin, W.K. and Christiansen, E.H. Planet Earth Major Concepts A comparison of Earth with other inner planets provides insight into the distinguishing characteristics of our planet and what makes it unique. Earths atmosphere is a thin shell of gas surrounding the planet. It is a fluid, in constant motion. Other planets have atmospheres, but Earths is unique because it is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. The hydrosphere is another feature that makes Earth unique. Water moves in a great, endless cycle from the ocean to the atmosphere, over the land surface, and back to the sea again. The biosphere exists because of water. Although it is small compared to other layers of Earth, it is a major geologic force operating at the surface. Continents and ocean basins are the largest-scale surface features of Earth. The continents consist of three major components: (a) ancient shields, (b) stable platforms, and (c) belts of folded mountains. Each reveals the mobility of Earths crust. The ocean floor contains several major structural and topographic divisions: (a) the oceanic ridge, (b) the vast abyssal floor, (c) trenches, (d) seamounts, and (e) continental margins. Earth is a differentiated planet, with its materials segregated into layers according to density. The internal layers based on composition are (a) crust, (b) mantle, and (c) core. The major internal layers based on physical properties are (a) lithosphere, (b) asthenosphere, (c) mesosphere, (d) outer core, and (e) inner core. Material within each of these units is in motion, making Earth a changing, dynamic planet. Geologic Systems Major Concepts A natural system is a group of interdependent components that interact to form a unified whole and are under the influence of related forces. The materials in a system change in an effort to reach and mainta