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What is the workability of concrete? How can we evaluate the workability in China? Please discuss how the workability influenced by different factors.
Answer：
1 Workability : the property of the fresh cement concrete easily mixed, transported, poured, and vibrated etc in construction process.
Workability including:
Flow-ability , tamping feasibility , cohesiveness , water-retaining and so on.
2 Evaluating method:slump test and Vebe consistometer test
Slump test: A)Measure the deformation under its self-weight, and name the deformation as slump（in mm）.
B)Assess the cohesiveness, water-retaining etc. from visual inspection.
C)is suitable for the plastic concrete with slump bigger than 10mm and the aggregates smaller than 31.5mm.
Vebe consistometer test: A)Record the time when the cement paste bestrewed the plate.
B) Generally, the shorter time, the better flow ability.
C)Vebe consistometer time is suitable for the stiff concrete with slump lower than 10mm (the Vebe value is 5-30s), and the aggregates smaller than 31.5mm.
3 Influence factors：
A）Internal factors：
①Properties of raw materials
a. Type and fineness of cement:
The required water of normal consistency is different for cement with different mineral compounds, admixture and fineness, so it is different for the workability of fresh cement concrete with a given dosage of water.
In addition, the flow ability will be better if the finer cement is used, especially for the concrete with high dosage of cement. Generally, the cohesiveness, water-retaining and segregation will be also improved.
b.Aggregates:
Granule size: The specific surface area decrease with the granule size, and the concrete consisting of bigger particles may need less cement paste for coating , so the workability of concrete is better with a given dosage of paste.
The bigger water absorption, the worse workability.
Shape and surface texture: For PCC, the round and smoot
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