计算机语言的发展平台英文版.pptVIP

Grammar Development Platform Grammar Development A Sample Development Platform A Sample Development Platform ParGram Grammar Components Phrase Structure Rules Phrase Structure Rules Features and Unifications The Ambiguity Problem Lexicons Ambiguity in Large Grammars Morphologies and Tokenizers Parallel Analyses The “Parallel” in ParGram FST Morphological Analyzers * What is a Grammar Development Platform good for? English: Anna sees the man. English c-str and f-str MT German f-str German: Anna sieht den Mann. Information Retrieval/Extraction Machine Translation (MT) Parser Generator XLE Platforms: Unix (Solaris), Linux, MacOsX Software (Shareware): Emacs, Tcl/Tk XLE (Xerox Linguistic Environment) Main Developer: John Maxwell (PARC) Performance: Worst-case exponential, polynomial in practice (makes broad-coverage grammars feasible) Parser: Bottom-Up, Left-to-Right XLE (Xerox Linguistic Environment) Linguistic Theory: LFG (Lexical-Functional Grammar) orginally developed by Ronald M. Kaplan (PARC) and Joan Bresnan (Stanford) Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), English Grammar IMS, University of Stuttgart German Grammar Fuji Xerox Japanese Grammar University of Bergen Norwegian: Bokmal and Nynorsk UMIST Urdu Grammar XRCE Grenoble French Grammar The ParGram Project Possible Applications: Machine Translation (French, English) Tree Banking (English, German) Smart Text Annotation (German) Robust Parsing (English, German, French) Information Extraction (English) Teaching Tools (Urdu) Each Grammar Contains: Phrase Structure Rules (S ?? NP VP) Lexicon (verb stems and functional elements) Finite-State Morphological Analyzer No Semantics Formulation as used today goes back to Chomsky 1957. Sample Set for English: S ? NP VP VP ? V NP NP ? D (ADJ) N Why these kinds of rules? Natural Language is recursive and potentially infinite. Constituency, X-bar Theory The syntax of natural languages is context-free. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. However,