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The Permeability of Pragmatic knowledge in ELT
Ⅰ. An introduction of Pragmatics
The Concept of Pragmatics
A subfield of linguistics developed in the late 1970s, pragmatics studies how people comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech situation which is usually a conversation. It distinguishes two intents or meaning in each utterance or communicative act of verbal communication. One is the informative intent or speaker meaning (Leech, 1983; Sperber and Wilson, 1986). The ability to comprehend and produce a communicative act is referred to as pragmatic competence (Kaspe, 1997) which often includes one’s knowledge about the social distance, social status between the speakers involved, the cultural knowledge such as politeness, and the linguistic knowledge explicit and implicit.
The modern usage of the term “pragmatics” is attributable to the philosopher Charles Morris(1938), who was concern to outline the general shape of a science of signs, or semiotics（or semiotics as Morris p On the one hand, the very broad use intended by Morris has been retained. On the other hand, and especially within analytical philosophy, the term pragmatics was subjected to a successive narrowing of scope. Within semiotics, Morris distinguished three distinct branches of inquiry: a) syntactic (or syntax), being the study of “the formal relation of signs to one another”; b) semantics, the study of “the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs to interpreters.” Within each branch of semiotics, one could make the distinction between pure studies, concerned with the elaboration of the relevant metalanguage, and descriptive studies, which applied the metalanguage to the description of specific signs and their usage.
From the view of the function of a language, Richardsetal (1992) describes the term “pragmatics” as “the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and contexts and situations in whic
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