cost_c的orrosion.pptVIP

Two Separate Systems Drinking Water Sewage Water Costs in Operation, Maintenance, Finance, Capital Investments Maintenance crews find and repair leaks, but the number of leaks increases with system age. Drinking Water Sewer Systems System Size 550 liters of water consumption per person per day 56.7 Billion m3 / year in the U.S. 1.4 Million km of municipal water pumping A major barrier to progress in corrosion management is the absence of complete and up-to-date information on all water systems. Drinking Water Sewer Systems There are only 2 reasons why utilities replace or change water systems: Pipes are considered broken, Leaking water Corrosion products in the water Capacity too small for the area Assume 50% of all operation and maintenance costs are corrosion-related Operation Management Costs 1997 EPA: B$6.9 per year Drinking water system maintenance only 1998 AWWA: B$16.3 per year Drinking water transmission – maintenance only 2000 WIN: B$51 per year for Drinking Water B$45 per year for Sewer Systems Includes Operation, Maintenance, Finance, Capital Three Reports on Water System Costs Nationwide, 15% of treated water is lost Loss of revenue: B$3.0 per year More than 90% of lost-water cost is corrosion-related, because of leaking systems Underground leaks go unnoticed: Therefore low cost awareness Cost of Lost Water Operation, Maintenance, Finance, Capital Drinking water systems B$19.25 Sewer systems B$13.75 Cost of Lost water B$3.0 TOTAL B$36.0 Sector Summary: Drinking Water Sewer Systems Oil GasExploration Production $1.4 Billion Per Year Significant available onshore oil gas reserved have been explored U.S. 1998 Oil Production – 3.04 Billion Barrels Recoverable Reserves Deep Waters Offshore Remote Arctic Locations Reservoirs with Unconsolidated Sands Background Relative High Costs of Oil Gas Production in the U.S. Maintenance Costs Must be Kept to a Minimum Emphasis on Co