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Design and implementation of a protocol offload engine for TCP/IP and remote direct memory access based on hardware/software coprocessing??Original Research ArticleMicroprocessors and Microsystems This paper presents the design and implementation of a protocol offload engine that processes TCP/IP and remote direct memory access (RDMA) protocols by means of hardware/software coprocessing. In the offload engine, time-consuming operations such as TCP/IP header generation are implemented as hardware to improve performance. The software performs control operations and RDMA header generation. In the experiments and analyses, it is proved that the hardware can provide satisfactory performance to process all operations at speeds of over 1?Gbps. Our engine can offload most protocol processing overheads – up to 95% to 100% – from the host CPU. Finally, although the embedded processors operate with a 300?MHz clock that is seven times slower than the clock of the host CPU, our engine shows maximum bandwidths of 673?Mbps for TCP/IP and 551?Mbps for RDMA on a gigabit Ethernet network. Article Outline 1. Introduction 1.1. Overview of RDMA and TCP/IP offloading 1.2. RDMA/TCP/IP offload engine 1.3. Contribution 1.4. Organization 2. Related works 3. Design and implementation of protocol offload engine 3.1. Overview of protocol offload engine 3.2. Implementation of TCP/IP offload engine 3.2.1. Hybrid architecture for TCP/IP offload engine 3.2.2. Implementation of hardware and software 3.2.3. Hardware/software coprocessing 3.3. Offloading of remote direct memory access 3.4. The RTOE adapter and the software interface on the host CPU 4. Experiments and analyses 4.1. Performance evaluations of TCP/IP offloading 4.2. Performance analyses of TCP/IP offloading 4.3. Performance evaluations of RDMA offloading 5. Conclusions Acknowledgements Trends in the development of communication networks: Cognitive networks??Original Research ArticleComputer Networks One of the main challen