计算机系^统详解lec02b-Integers.pptVIP

Computer Systems:A Programmer’s Perspective 计算机系统详解Lecture 2b March 15, 2010 Wu junmin (jmwu@ustc.edu.cn) Overview Numeric Encodings Unsigned Two’s complement Programming Implications C promotion rules Basic operations Addition, negation, multiplication Programming Implications Consequences of overflow Using shifts to perform power-of-2 multiply/divide C Puzzles Taken from old exams Assume machine with 32 bit word size, two’s complement integers For each of the following C expressions, either: Argue that is true for all argument values Give example where not true Encoding Integers C short 2 bytes long Sign Bit For 2’s complement, most significant bit indicates sign 0 for nonnegative 1 for negative Encoding Example (Cont.) Numeric Ranges Unsigned Values UMin = 0 000…0 UMax = 2w – 1 111…1 Two’s Complement Values TMin = –2w–1 100…0 TMax = 2w–1 – 1 011…1 Other Values Minus 1 111…1 Values for Different Word Sizes Observations |TMin | = TMax + 1 Asymmetric range UMax = 2 * TMax + 1 Unsigned Signed Numeric Values Equivalence Same encodings for nonnegative values Uniqueness Every bit pattern represents unique integer value Each representable integer has unique bit encoding ? Can Invert Mappings U2B(x) = B2U-1(x) Bit pattern for unsigned integer T2B(x) = B2T-1(x) Bit pattern for two’s comp integer Casting Signed to Unsigned C Allows Conversions from Signed to Unsigned Resulting Value No change in bit representation Nonnegative values unchanged ux = 15213 Negative values change into (large) positive values uy = 50323 Relation between Signed Unsigned Relation Between Signed Unsigned uy = y + 2 * 32768 = y + 65536 Signed vs. Unsigned in C Constants By default are considered to be signed integers Unsigned if have “U” as suffix 0U, 4294967259U Casting Explicit casting between signed unsigned same as U2T and T2U int tx, ty; unsigned ux, uy; tx = (int) ux; uy = (unsigned) ty; Implicit casting also occurs via assignments and procedure calls tx = ux;