基因組22基因组的结构.docVIP

2. Genome AnatomiesLearning outcomes When you have read Chapter 2, you should be able to: Draw diagrams illustrating the major differences between the genetic organizations of the genomes of humans, plants, insects, yeast and bacteria, and give an explanation for the C-value paradox Describe the DNA-protein interactions that give rise to the chromatosome and the 30 nm chromatin fiber State the functions of centromeres and telomeres and list their special structural features Explain why chromosome banding patterns and the isochore model suggest that genes are not evenly distributed in eukaryotic chromosomes Outline the differences between the gene contents of different eukaryotic genomes and explain, with examples, what is meant by ‘multigene family Describe the physical features and gene contents of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes and discuss the current hypothesis concerning the origins of organelle genomes Describe the physical structure of the Escherichia coli genome and indicate the ways in which this structure is and is not typical of other prokaryotes Define, with examples, the term ‘operon Explain why prokaryotic genome sequences have complicated the species concept Speculate on the content of the minimal prokaryotic genome and on the identity of distinctiveness genes Define the term ‘satellite DNA and distinguish between satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Give examples of the various types of RNA and DNA transposons, and outline their transposition pathways the human genome is by no means the only genome for which a complete or a draft sequence is available. By February 2001, when the draft human sequence was published, drafts were also available for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the microscopic worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and one of the chromosomes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, complete sequences had been obtained fo