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Processes Process – a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion Textbook uses the terms job and process almost interchangeably As a process executes, its state changes: new: The process is being created running: Instructions are being executed waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a process terminated: The process has finished execution Diagram of Process State As a process executes, it changes state new: The process is being created ready: The process is waiting to run running: Instructions are being executed waiting: Process waiting for some event to occur terminated: The process has finished execution What happens during execution? Execution sequence: Fetch Instruction at PC Decode Execute (possibly using registers) Write results to registers/mem PC = Next Instruction(PC) Repeat What happens during execution? Assume a single processor. How do we provide the illusion of multiple processors? Multiplex in time! Each virtual “CPU” needs a structure to hold: Program Counter (PC), Stack Pointer (SP) Registers (Integer, Floating point, others…?) How switch from one CPU to the next? Save PC, SP, and registers in current state block Load PC, SP, and registers from new state block What triggers switch? Timer, voluntary yield, I/O, other things Simple multiprogramming All virtual CPUs share same non-CPU resources I/O devices the same Memory the same Consequence of sharing: Each thread can access the data of every other thread (good for sharing, bad for protection) Threads can share instructions(good for sharing, bad for protection) Can threads overwrite OS functions? This (unprotected) model common in: Embedded applications Windows 3.1/Machintosh (switch only with yield) Windows 95—ME? (switch with both yield and timer) Program’s Address Space Address space ? the set of accessible addresses + state associated with them: For a 32-bit processor there are 23