stable isotopes- universityof washington（稳定同位素-华盛顿大学）.docVIP

ESS 312 Geochemistry – sample final exam This is an open book / open notes exam. Time allowed: 2 hours. Attempt as many questions as you can in the time allowed. Look over the test before you begin working. Decide which questions you can answer easily and do them first. Think through each question and write a general answer before reaching for your calculator. Show your working. We will give partial credit for partially correct answers, as long as we can follow your reasoning. Wherever possible, show us that you understand the concept behind the question. Total points: ___________________________________________ Equations and other material you may need: ? The dissociation constant of water at 25?C: Kw = 1.00 x 10-14 ? For the reaction: a A + b B = c C + d D, the Gibbs Free Energy change: ?G = ?G0 + RT ln(aCc. aDd / aAa . aBb) ? 18O/16O ratio of the SMOW oxygen isotope standard = 0.0020052 ? Temperature in degrees K = degrees C + 273.15 ___________________________________________ Section (1) 10 short answer questions (typically these would be 5 points each, as indicated) Provide short answers, definitions or explanations (using words or formulas as required): (a) List the four most abundant elements in: (i) the continental crust (2 pts) (ii) the mantle (2 pts). (iii) List the two most abundant elements in the core (1 pt). (iv) Trick question (2 bonus pts): List the third most abundant element in the core. (b) Why is the ionization potential of Group I elements (the alkalis) much lower than group VII elements (the halogens)? (c) Which has a higher ionic strength - a 1 molal solution of RbCl or a 1 molal solution of BeSO4? (2 pts) Explain why. (3 pts) (d) Many elements have several stable (non-radioactive) isotopes - variants of their basic atomic structure in which the nucleus contains different numbers of neutrons. For example, oxygen has 3 stable isotopic forms, 16