chapter44thenoncoelomateanimals（7页）.docVIP

CHAPTER 32: OVERVIEW OF ANIMAL DIVERSITY WHERE DOES IT ALL FIT IN? Chapter 32 takes the same strategy as Chapters 27 through 31 and highlights the diversity of animals. Students should be encouraged to recall the principles of eukaryotic cell structure and evolution associated with the particular features of animal cells. Multicellularity should also be reviewed. The information in chapter 32 does not stand alone. Students should know that animals and other organisms are interrelated and originated from a common ancestor of all living creatures on Earth. SYNOPSIS Animals are distinctly different from other life forms studied thus far. They are multicellular, heterotrophic, have no cell walls, move rapidly and in complex ways, are diverse in form and habitat, exhibit primarily sexual reproduction, undergo embryonic development, and have unique tissues. The animal kingdom is divided into two subkingdoms: Parazoa (beside animals) and Eumetazoa (true animals). Both are derived from the same unicellular choanoflagellate ancestor. Sponges are the most familiar parazoans; they are typically asymmetrical and lack both tissues and organs. The 35 phyla of eumetazoans possess definite shape, symmetry and tissues that are organized into organs and organ systems. The Eumetazoans are further divided into Radiata (diploblastic), animals with radial symmetry and two tissue layers of ectoderm and endoderm; and, Bilateria (triploblastic), animals with bilateral symmetry and three tissue layers of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The bilateral animals are split further into groups based on other characteristics. Animal phyla show five key transitions in body plan as they evolve from simple to more complex forms. First, there was the evolution of tissues from no defined tissues and organs to distinct tissues with highly specialized cells. The sponges lack tissues; all other animals possess tissues. Second, there was the evolution of symmetry-asymmetry (animals with no