howto designand evaluate researchin education（howto设计和评估充分预示教育）（27页）.docVIP

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howto designand evaluate researchin education（howto设计和评估充分预示教育）（27页）.doc

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How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education By Jack R. Fraenkel and Norman E. Wallen Chapter 1The Nature of Research Ways of knowing Sensory experience (incomplete/undependable) Agreement with others (common knowledge wrong) Experts’ opinion (they can be mistaken) Logic/reasoning things out (can be based on false premises) Why research is of value Scientific research (using scientific method) is more trustworthy than expert/colleague opinion, intuition, etc. Chapter 1 - continuedThe Nature of Research Scientific Method (testing ideas in the public arena) Put guesses (hypotheses) to tests and see how they hold up All aspects of investigations are public and described in detail so anyone who questions results can repeat study for themselves Replication is a key component of scientific method Chapter 1 - continuedThe Nature of Research Scientific Method (requires freedom of thought and public procedures that can be replicated) Identify the problem or question Clarify the problem Determine information needed and how to obtain it Organize the information obtained Interpret the results All conclusions are tentative and subject to change as new evidence is uncovered (don’t PROVE things) Chapter 1 - continuedThe Nature of Research Types of Research Experimental (most conclusive of methods) Researcher tries different treatments (independent variable) to see their effects (dependent variable) In simple experiments compare 2 methods and try to control all extraneous variables that might affect outcome Need control over assignment to treatment and control groups (to make sure they are equivalent) Sometimes use single subject research (intensive study of single individual or group over time) Chapter 1 - continuedThe Nature of Research(Types of Research continued) Correlational Research Looks at existing relationships between 2 or more variables to make better predictions Causal Comparative Research Intended to establish cause and effect but cannot assign subjec