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THE MANIFOLDS OF SPATIAL HEARINGRamani Duraiswami | Vikas C. RaykarPerceptual Interfaces and Reality Lab University of Maryland, College park HOW DO HUMANS LOCALIZE A SOUND SOURCE? Primary cues Interaural Time Difference (ITD) Interaural Level Difference (ILD) Can explain only localization in the horizontal plane. All points in the cone of confusion have the same ITD and ILD. Other cues Pinna shape gives elevation cues for higher frequencies. Torso and Head give elevation cues for lower frequencies. HRTF The spectral filtering caused by the head, torso and the pinna can be described by