Review of linguistics.docx重点.ppt

semantic triangles THOUGHT/REFERENCE (CONCEPT) SYMBOL/FORM REFERENT Synonymy---it refers to the sameness or similarity of meaning. Synonyms--- the words are close in meaning. dialectal stylistic Synonyms emotional collocational semantical Antonymy---it refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Antonyms---words are opposite in meaning. gradable Antonyms complementary relational reverse Hyponymy---it refers to the sense relation between a more general and a more specific word. Superordinate---the more general word Hyponyms---the specific words Co-hyponyms---hyponyms of the same superordinate food Fruit meat vegetable apple banana orange beef pork mutton cabbage cucumber tomato “bird”, “instrument” Homonymy---it refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same sound or spelling, or in both. homophones: two words are identical in sound. Homonymy homographs: two words are identical in spelling. complete homonyms: two words are identical both in sound and spelling. Analysis of word meaning 7.4 A. Componential Analysis---a way to analyze lexical meaning (CA) Woman [-MALE] [+ADULT] [+HUMAN] Bachelor [+MALE] [+ADULT] [+HUMAN] [-MARRIED] Wife [-MALE] [+ADULT] [+HUMAN] [+MARRIED] Sense relations between sentences 1) X is equivalent with Y.(X has the same meaning of Y.) 2) X is contradictory with Y. 3) X entails Y. (we know that X then automatically Y. ) Entailment is a relation of inclusion