1024Slides.ppt

Verbal Communication Warming Up…More about sensors and perception Focus Questions What is the relationship between language and thought? How do labels affect meaning? What are the implications of recognizing that language is a process? How do rules guide communication? How does punctuation influence the meaning of communication? Language and Meaning Language (words) in the human world “The limits of my language are the limits of my world” by Ludwig Wittgenstein 維根斯坦 Language creates reality (or vice versa) 愛斯基摩人有30多種稱呼”雪”的命名 P.98 F.Y.I Domestic partners; Birth mother; Date rape; Blended family 用英文點咖啡 ; 酒、茶、海鮮… 中英文裡親屬、親戚的稱謂: 姑媽、姨婆、堂哥、表弟… 動畫：歐洲人 vs. 義大利人 (義大利人 算不算歐洲人？) Features of Language (Symbols) Arbitrary 任意性 Not intrinsically connected to what is represented; no natural relationship Commonly shared used in a society; meaning changes over time Ambiguous 模糊性 No precise, clear-cut meanings; within a range of meaning but with degrees of uncertainty Specific to contexts, individual experience; relationships Abstract 抽象性 Not concrete or tangible Various abstractness (degrees away from external, objective phenomenon) e.g, “reading matter” 讀物 火星文︰中翻中 Symbols and Meaning Ladder of Abstraction (Korzybski Hayakawa) Steps away from observed phenomenon See Figure 4.1 (page 103) (also next slide) Overgeneralization General language to describe groups of people Perceptions (recall) consistent with labels used Labels predispose selective perception (刻板印象) 外延意義Denotation vs. 內涵意義Connotation Denotation: direct, specific, explicit meaning Connotation: implied, suggested, apart from explicit meaning “Cow”抽象化階梯 Denotation vs. Connotation Principles of Communication Interpretation creates meaning Active, creative process of making sense Process of constructing meaning Brute facts vs. Institutional facts Brute fact: objective, concrete phenomena (e.g., huddling in football) Institutional fact: interpreted meaning of brute fact (players planning the next step) Communication is gui