【侯新烁 空间计量】02 01空间数据特征说明以及不同软件操作数据整理差异.pptx

空间数据及其特性spatial data and spatial effects空间数据=截面数据？Spatial Data or Cross-sectional Data什么是空间数据What is Spatial DataGenerally speaking, observations such as these, for which the absolute location and/or relative positioning (spatial arrangement) is taken into account are referred to as spatial data.空间数据的类型Types of Spatial DataLattice data（格状数据）Geostatistical data（地理统计数据）Point data（点数据）空间数据的特性Spatial Data and Spatial EffectsSpatial effects is a catchall term referring to both spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity.Spatial dependence (or autocorrelation) is a fundamental property of attributes located in space.Tobler’s First Law of Geographyattribute values in space are not random Student (1914)near things are more related than distant things Fisher (1935)时间与空间的自相关Autocorrelation in space and in timetime series (“time line”) vs. spatial data (map)dependence in time vs. dependence in space:Time: one-directional between two observationsSpace: two-directional among several observationsSpatial autocorrelation is more complicated, relative to the time series case, by the second dimension (dependency might not be the same in all directions) and by the lack of directionality (time has a natural uni-directional flow from past to present, simultaneous dependence in spatial data).空间相关的二维性及其引起的非定向性使得空间自相关更为复杂为什么需要发展空间计量模型方法？Why spatial econometrics?为什么需要发展空间计量模型方法？Why spatial econometrics?由于空间数据具有空间依赖、空间异质的特性，打破了经典计量分析中样本相互独立的基本假设，导致OLS估计不再是有效的估计，通常的统计推断不再适用。因此，在处理空间数据时，要引入一些合适的空间计量方法，即对经典计量技术加以修改以适于空间数据分析。空间计量经济学的范畴Spatial Econometrics: Four DimensionsFour DimensionsSpecifying the structure of Spatial Dependence/HeterogeneityTesting for the Presence of Spatial EffectsEstimating Models with Spatial EffectsSpatial Prediction空间自相关及其测度 measures and tests of spatial autocorrelation空间权重矩阵Spatial Weight MatrixThe spatial arrangement of spatial units is directly related to spatial dependence between units of observation.Impose structure in terms of what are the neighbors for each lo