Chap8-1.pptVIP

Application:The Costs of Taxation Chapter 8 The Costs of Taxation（赋税的代价） How do taxes affect the economic well-being of market participants?（税收如何影响市场参与者的经济福利？） The Costs of Taxation It does not matter whether a tax on a good is levied on buyers or sellers of the good…the price paid by buyers rises, and the price received by sellers falls.（税收的代价与向商品的买者或卖者征税无关…买者支付的价格将会上升，卖者收到的价格将会下降。） The Effects of a Tax... The Effects of a Tax（税收的影响） A tax places a wedge between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. （对一种商品征税是在买者支付的价格和卖者收到的价格之间打入一个楔子） Wedge: a V-shaped piece of wood, one end being thin and the other quite wide. Because of this tax wedge, the quantity sold falls below the level that would be sold without a tax.（由于税收楔子，卖者出售的数量比没有征税的数量下降。） The size of the market for that good shrinks.（市场规模萎缩。） Tax Revenue（税收收入） Tax Revenue... How a Tax Affects Welfare... Changes in Welfare from a Tax How a Tax Affects Welfare（税收如何影响福利） The change in total welfare includes:（税收会导致总福利如下变化：） The change in consumer surplus,（消费者剩余改变） The change in producer surplus, （生产者剩余改变） The change in tax revenue.（税收收入改变） The losses to buyers and sellers exceed the revenue raised by the government.（买者和卖者的损失超过了政府的收入） This fall in total surplus is called the deadweight loss.（总剩余减少的部分称为无谓损失） Deadweight Losses and the Gains from Trade（无为损失和从交易中的收益） Taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade.（税收导致无为损失，因为税收阻止了买方和卖方从交易中实现的一些收益。） The Deadweight Loss... Determinants of Deadweight Loss（无为损失的决定因素） What determines whether the deadweight loss from a tax is large or small?（无为损失的大小由什么决定？） The magnitude of the deadweight loss depends on how much the quantity supplied and quantity demanded respond to changes in the price. （无为损失的大小依赖于价格变化导致需求量和供给量变化的的多少） That, in turn, depends on the price elasticities of supply and demand.（依赖于需求和供给的价格弹性） Tax Distortions and Elasticities... Tax Distortions and Elasticities... Tax Distortions and Elasti