第二章 胞的统一性和多样性.ppt

第二章 细胞统一性和多样性 Chapter Two Introduction to the Cell 该章学习的目的Objective of learning 1.了解掌握细胞的基本特性; 2.比较原核细胞的异同； 3.了解组成细胞的基本化学组分； 4.了解特定的生命现象：病毒; 5.了解真核细胞的可能的进化途径； 第一节 细胞的基本概念 一、细胞是生命活动的基本单位。 其至少包括如下一些内涵： 1.细胞是生命体的基本结构单位。一切生命体都是由细胞构成。The cell is the structural unit of life, All organisms is make up of cells. 2.细胞是生命体的基本功能单位。所有的代谢活动是基于细胞而开展的。The cell is the functional unit of organisms. All metabolic activity is based on cells. 3. 细胞是生殖的基础。细胞是遗传的桥梁。The cell is the foundation of reproduce,  and the bridge of inheritance. 4.细胞是生命体生长和发育的基础。The cell is the growing and developing basis of life 5. 细胞 (细胞核) 具有全能性, 它能产生一个相同类型的新的生命体。 多细胞生物体中的所有细胞都含有一整套完全相同的基因组。 植物细胞具有全能性，每一个细胞都能发育成一个完整的个体。 对于动物而言,至少其细胞核具有全能性，最初的证据来自于蝌蚪细胞核的移植，最新的研究成果多利养（Dolly）克隆成功进一步证明了这一点。 二、细胞的基本特性 Basic properties of cells 1.细胞均具有质膜，且高度复杂和高度组织化 Cells are highly complex and organized 2.细胞具有遗传程序，并能有效地利用其编码生命活动所需要的物质。 Cells possess a genetic program and the means to use it 3. 细胞能够进行自我复制Cells are capable of producing more of themselves 4. 细胞能够获得并有效地利用能量。Cells acquire and utilize energy Developing and maintaining complexity requires the constant input of energy All of the energy required by life on the earth’s surface arrives in the form of electromagnetic radiation from the sun. light energy is converted by photosynthesis into chemical energy that is restored in energy-rich carbohydrates. 5. 细胞具有一套完整的代谢机构，能够进行各种化学反应。Cells carry out a variety of chemical reactions Even the simplest bacterial cell is capable of hundreds of different chemical transformation, none of which occurs at any significant rate in the inanimate world. The sum total of the chemical reactions in a cell represents that cell’s metabolism 5. 细胞能够对外界刺激作出反应。Cells are able to response to stimuli Cells within plant or animal respond to stimuli less obviously than single-celled protist. But they respond. They posses receptors that interact with substances in the environment in highly specific ways. For example, the receptor