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lesson plan introductionto energy transferand transformation（教案introductionto transferand能量转换）.doc

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Urban Heat Islands: An Introduction to Energy Transfer and Transformation Teacher’s Guide by Kate Porter, CSIP Graduate Student Fellow, Cornell University Purpose: To introduce energy transfer and transformation processes, which are important in a study of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, and to design an experiment to study the UHI effect. Materials: golf balls (one for each lab group of students) firm exercise mat (the type used in school gym classes soft pillow (down is ideal, but any soft, squishy item will work; it should be softer than the exercise mat) black- or markerboard and chalk/markers optional: monochromatic lights Background Information Energy exists in many forms, including kinetic, potential, chemical, electrical, thermal (heat), and light. A central tenet of modern science is that energy cannot be lost, but only change its form. (Some apparent inconsistencies with this theory can be easily explained when one remembers that matter is, itself, a form of energy in that it can be transformed into energy according to Einsteins famous equation E=mc2). This means that energy lost by an object must be balanced by a gain of an exactly equal amount of energy by one or more other objects in the universe. This transfer of energy often, but not always, involves a change in form of at least some of the energy being transferred. The most common type of energy transformation is that of one form of energy to heat (thermal) energy. Heat energy can be thought of as a default setting for the energy in the universe. When energy of another kind is transferred between objects, inefficiencies in the system result in a transfer that is not completely efficient – for example, the transfer of 100 J of chemical energy from one molecule to another may result in the gain of only 95 J of chemical energy by the accepting molecule. The missing 5 J are converted to heat energy. Heat energy is almost always the form taken by energy lost due to inefficie