湖南省长沙市2016高考英语二轮复习 阅读理解高效训练（6.docVIP

湖南省长沙市2016高考英语二轮阅读理解高效训练（6） Barack Obama, Lady Gaga and Steve Jobs—what do they have in common? They are, of course, all Americans. And according to a survey by social networking site badoo. com, they all best illustrate(举例说明) the word “cool”. But just what does it mean to say someone is “cool”? Most would answer that it is something to do with being independent-minded and not following the crowd. Yale University art professor Robert Farris Thompson says that the term “cool” goes back to 15th century West African philosophy(哲学). “Cool” relates to ideas of grace(优雅) under pressure. “In Africa, ” he writes, “coolness is a positive quality which combines calmness, silence, and life. ” The modern idea of “cool” developed largely in the US in the period after World War Ⅱ. “Post-war ‘cool’ was in part an expression of war-weariness. . . it went against the strict social rules of the time, ” write sociologists Dick Pountain and David Robins in Cool Rules:Anatomy of an Attitude. But it was the American actor James Dean who became the symbol for “cool” in the hugely successful 1955 movie Rebel without a Cause. Dean plays a tough guy who disobeys his parents and the authorities. He always gets the girl, smokes cigarettes, wears a leather jacket and beats up bullies(欺凌弱小者). In the movie, Dean showed what “cool” would mean to American young people for the next 60 years. Today the focus of “cool” has changed to athletics stars. Often in movies about schools, students gain popularity on the athletics field more than in the classroom. This can be seen quite clearly in movies like Varsity Blues and John Tucker Must Die. But many teenagers also think being smart is cool. Chess and other thinking games have been becoming more popular in schools. “Call it the Harry Potterization of America—a time when being smart is the new cool, ” writes journalist Joe Sunnen. 31. Barack Obama, Lady Gaga and Steve Jobs are mentioned in the first paragraph to ________. A. introduce t