第2章经典讲解：TCPIP协议全解.ppt

Layer 3 of 7: Acknowledgment message 2 sent. (Send ACK 2, Receive ACK 2) Layer 4 of 7: Data message 2 sent. (Send 2, Receive 2) Layer 5 of 7: ACK for message 2. (Send ACK 3, Receive ACK 3) Layer 6 of 7: Send 3, Receive 3. Layer 1 of 7: ACK for message 3. (Send ACK 4, Receive ACK 4) This sequence helps to convey the delay associated with a window size of one. Note: TCP acknowledgments are expectational and are sometimes called forward referenced, which means that they refer to the segment they are expecting to receive, not the one just sent. Acknowledgment field sizes can become an issue when transmitting data at FDDI and ATM speeds. Layer 1 of 5: This figure points out the benefit of a larger window size. Layer 1 is in the initial state, no messages being sent. Layer 2 of 5: Layer 2 illustrates how the sending device defines its window buffer as 3 and sends three bytes. Layer 3 of 5: In layer 3, the receiving device acknowledges the two first bytes, drops 3, and advertises its window size as 2. Layer 4 of 5: In layer 3 the sending device transmits 2 bytes but maintains a window size of 2. Layer 5 of 5: In layer 5, the receiving device acknowledges the 2 bytes and still advertises its window size as 2. Purpose: This figure presents a list of the protocols operating at the Internet layer. Emphasize: Review the protocols briefly. They are covered in detail on the coming pages. Routing protocols are usually considered layer-management protocols that support the network layer. Purpose: This figure explains what is contained in an IP datagram. Emphasize: Discuss the format of the IP datagram. The current generation of IP is version 4. We need the Header Length (HLEN) and the Total Length in this example because the IP Options field allows a variable length. Time-To-Live (TTL) is a countdown field. Every station must decrement this number by one or by the number of seconds it holds onto the packet. When the counter reaches zero, the time to live expires